Article:

Von niederer Herkunft. Die praktischen Wurzeln des interaktiven Computing

What today, typically, is conceived of a «computing», namely, «personal computing», developed not from a ‹Turing machine›, but as a technology for facilitating large-scale cooperative work activities. This technology, ‹interactive computing›, subsequently branched out in all directions, ranging from interactive human-computer systems such as laptop computers and smartphones, but also to embedded computing devices. Important paradigms of interactive computing applications were built by practitioners as practical techniques for their own use or for the use of their colleagues, and later generalized.