Medien – Wissen – Bildung
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- Book partÜber die gegenwärtige Konjunktur des Erzählens und die Inflation der Erzähltheorien – Versuch einer Orientierung zwischen den DisziplinenSchneider, Ingo (2008)In various disciplines – not only in humanities such as European Ethnology, History, Philosophy and Literature, but also in Psychology, Medicine and even Economics – the interest in storytelling as a basic cultural skill has significantly increased during the last decades. This phenomenon has been accompanied by an almost inflationary rise of narrative theories. This paper will first of all discuss the present situation and relevance of storytelling in oral, literal and digital surroundings in general and then move on to outline the multidisciplinary interest in storytelling and the variety of theoretical models relating to it. The author’s main interest, however, focuses on the question of what this boom in storytelling and the inflation of narrative theory can be attributed to: Can it be understood simply as a temporary scholarly fashion, as a bandwagon jumped on by many disciplines, or as a reflection of the fundamental insight into the fact that our whole life is organised according to narrative structures? This would imply that we are no longer talking about narrative theory in a narrow sense but of a more fundamental approach to cultural theory.
- Book partM-learning and media use in everyday life: towards a theoretical frameworkBachmair,Ben (2008)
- Book partWhose Story Is It, Anyway? Storytelling, Ownership, and Collective Collaboration in the News MediaSchwarz, Claudia (2008)Wem gehören Stories in den Nachrichtenmedien? Den Menschen, die sie erleben (Subjekt/ Ursprung); denen, die darüber schreiben (Verfasser/Vermittler); oder denen, auf deren Leben der öffentliche Diskurs einwirkt (Kultur/Gesellschaft)? Auf Grundlage der Prüfung von drei Thesen, (1) dass Stories in den Nachrichten Konstrukte sind, (2) dass Stories als Eigentum gehandelt werden, welches Menschen oder Institutionen gehört und (3) dass kollektive Kollaboration im Nachrichtensystem durch neue Medientechnologien bestehende Besitzansprüche in Frage stellen, analysiert der Artikel mögliche Ansätze unterschiedlicher Dimensionen in der Urheberfrage in den Nachrichtenmedien und plädiert für einen ‚open source‘-Ansatz in der Berichterstattung.
- Book partStorytelling: The Role of Written Languages and Visual Languages in Academic NarrationsTeixeira Pinto, Ana (2008)Freud needed only to listen to his patients – “my sons are the cross I must bear” – to understand the reason for their lower back pain: ‘cross’ being, after all, in German, the same word that designates the dorsal region. In psychoanalysis the bodily inscription of a metaphor is understood to convey a repressed thought, such happenstance being known as somatic inscription. Once the unconscious – the primary process – cannot be bound by the laws of language it must express itself through condensation – a process through which two ideas or images combine into a single symbol – and displacement – the transfer of an emotion from its original focus to another object, person, or situation. Jacques Lacan later came to identify condensation and displacement as metonymy and metaphor. For the unconscious is structured like a language (Lacan 1977, pp. 161–197). In logical discourse the fallacy of equivocation is committed when someone uses the same word in different meanings in an argument, implying that the word means the same each time. The fallacy of equivocation is one among many other fallacies in logical argumentation. The term logical fallacy properly refers to a formal fallacy: a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument, which renders the argument invalid. Roughly speaking, the somatic inscription of a metaphor such as ‘my sons are the cross I must bear’ commits the fallacy of equivocation for it juxtaposes two different meanings – the lower back region and a structure consisting essentially of an upright and a transverse piece as a symbol of suffering – in the same signifier. Yet the rationality and hence the unity of the agent are the prejudice of a literary culture. The information processing of oral cultures is based on sensorimotor and mnemonical cues, leading to a metaphoric rather than metonymic apprehension of the world. Only when a literary syllogistic syntax starts to overwrite mythical speech is the human mind trained to disregard all forms of knowledge, which are incommensurable with logical procedures. The unconscious is nothing other than the remainder of a former oral cognition, which goes unaccounted for under a literary disposition.
- Book partZ.B.: ??? Digitale Detektivgeschichten für KinderSchröder, Thomas (2008)What is still experimental elsewhere has long ago become commonplace in media for children. Successful series like “Die drei ???” (Engl. “The Three Investigators”) have not only been presented as books, audio plays or films for years, but also as computer games. A comparison shows that digital versions offer children a greater choice in terms of media reception. However, it also shows that medially provided possibilities are only partially exhausted. In terms of multi-mediality, objections are largely of an artistic and aesthetic kind. In the sphere of inter-activity, however, they point to central criteria of quality. Even the non-linearity of digital detective stories is to a large extent only fake. But how much more freedom would actually be desirable? How non-linear can a story be? Nonlinear storytelling in digital detective stories for children means that the same story is narrated differently – nothing more and nothing less.
- Book partRoyal Road or Lost Highway? – Preliminaries for a Theoretical Conception of FilmtherapyHeidbrink, Henriette (2008)Die so genannte »Filmtherapie« wird bereits vielfach praktiziert – und das, obwohl eine entsprechende Rahmentheorie, die medienwissenschaftliches sowie psychologisches und therapeutisches Wissen vereint, noch gänzlich fehlt. Im folgenden Artikel sollen daher einige basale Probleme und hilfreiche Ideen der aktuellen Debatte um filmtherapeutische Konzepte skizziert werden, welche die komplizierten Feinheiten filmtherapeutischer Interventionen betreffen. Auf dieser Basis wird eine »Metatheorie der Beobachtung« vorgeschlagen, die in der Lage wäre, verschiedene traditionelle Formen der Materialbeobachtung – u.a. Hermeneutik, Phänomenologie, Semiotik – zu integrieren.
- Book partTextual Constitution of Narrative in Digital MediaBacke, Hans-Joachim (2008)Nachdem der Oberflächentext seit den Anfängen des Strukturalismus als ausschließliche Grundlage für Analysen gegolten hat, machen interaktive Erzählformen wie Hypertext und Computerspiel die Notwendigkeit veränderter Prämissen deutlich. Als Alternative wird hier ein räumliches Modell entworfen, das die Dimensionen Textkonstitution, Medienkombination und Rezeption innerhalb eines gemeinsamen Bezugsrahmens zusammenfasst. Innerhalb dieses Modells, das Ansätze von Stierle, Iser, Ryan und Herman verschränkt, können sowohl traditionelle als auch interaktive Erzählformen miteinander verglichen werden. Grundgedanke des Modells ist, dass sämtliche Formen des Erzählens eine faktuale oder fiktive narrative Welt zugrundelegen und aus deren tendenziell unbegrenzter Menge von Figuren und Geschehnissen Elemente auswählen und zu einer Geschichte zusammenfügen. Dieser medienübergreifende Prozess wird im Modell durch die zeitliche Dimension von Produktion und Rezeption sowie die Anzahl und Art der verwendeten Kommunikationskanäle ergänzt. Dies ermöglicht eine gleichzeitige Darstellung von medienspezifischen und medienunabhängigen Eigenschaften eines narrativen Textes.
- Book part„Ein wenig Romantik neben dem Hauptplot kann nicht schaden“: Vernetztes (Weiter-)Erzählen in Fanfiction- CommunitiesOrtner, Heike (2008)This essay deals with fanfiction as a blend of highly individual narrative necessities on the one hand and aesthetic as well as communicative norms negotiated within an online community on the other hand. Two points are being made: First, the term fanfiction comprises heterogeneous texts that use virtually all narrative devices deployed by the so-called canon. At the same time the authors develop new genres, modes of narration and textual models which are only comprehensible through acknowledging the peculiar dynamics of online Storytelling. Second, the special forms of meta-communication within the fanfiction community have major influences not only on what kinds of stories are told and on the way they are told but also on the very existence of fanfiction. These claims are illustrated by fanfiction based on the Harry Potter novels by J.K. Rowling.
- Book partOral History in den Geschichtswissenschaften: Zwischen Folklore, Elitenforschung und ArchivierungsbedürfnisMeixner, Wolfgang; Pfanzelter, Eva (2008)Life histories and narratives of witnesses of a time period are an important source of information especially for contemporary historians. Since the 1960s the number of Oral History projects in North America and Central Europe has constantly gone up – despite continuing critical assessment of the scientific usage of subjective memory or their relevance in the reconstruction of historical events and despite continually changing necessities and possibilities of analyses. The reasons for this success story are manifold but some of them can be found in the growing technological possibilities. In Oral History this meant a shift from audio recordings in the 1960s to first professional then lay video recordings in the 1980s and 1990s to the usage of social software such as podcasts and blogs in the last couple of years. In addition, due to the internet on the one hand and the changing political constellations on the other, there are various new possibilities to publish Oral Histories and distribute them around the world. Previously unknown technological, regional, legal and ethical questions threaten and push the established Oral History. At this moment there are more questions than answers to these existing challenges.
- Book partEnde oder Transformation einer Disziplin? Philosophie und Neue MedienMargreiter, Reinhard (2008)Ein Gespenst geht um im gegenwärtigen Mediendiskurs: die Rede von “Tod” und “Ende” der Philosophie. Was den philosophisch-wissenschaftlichen Diskurs von seinen antiken Anfängen her und in seinem historischen Verlauf bis heute bestimmt habe – das klare Unterscheiden-Wollen zwischen Doxa und Episteme, Schein und Sein –, sei durch die Neuen Medien ad absurdum geführt geworden. Denn es gebe kein wahres Wissen, sondern immer nur beliebige, referenzlose Konstrukte. Gegen eine solche These ist einzuwenden: Die von den Neuen Medien in Gang gesetzten Veränderungen im (Selbst-)Verständnis von Wissen betreffen nur die rationalistische Tradition in Philosophie und Wissenschaften, nicht diese selbst. Philosophie und Wissenschaften erleben heute, im Kontext und unter den Bedingungen der Telematik, keineswegs ihre Abschaffung, sondern eine – wenngleich weit reichende – Transformation.
- Book partVorwort der HerausgeberInnenGächter, Yvonne; Ortner, Heike; Schwarz, Claudia; Wiesinger, Andreas (2008)
- Book partAn Introduction to Connective KnowledgeDownes, Stephen (2008)This paper provides an overview of connective knowledge. It is intended to be an introduction, expressed as non-technically as possible. It is intended to respond to writers like Chris Anderson (2005) who, like many other writers, describe connective forms of knowledge as probabilistic. These forms of knowledge, created by means of interactions among connected entities, are outlined in publications such as James Suroweicki's (2005) The Wisdom of Crowds. They should not be thought of as probabilistic, but rather, as a distinct and new form of knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to this new, connective, form of knowledge. It should go without saying that these are my own thoughts, and this discussion should not therefore be considered an authoritative reference on the subject. Moreover, this is intended to be a brief overview, and not an academic treatise on the subject.
- Book partApproaches to Instant Knowledge and The New Media TechnologiesHug, Theo (2008)The fashionable terms ‘Infotainment’ or ‘Edutainment’ seem to imply an experiential, entertaining way of knowledge acquisition. They are associated with free information and unpaid knowledge on the one hand, on the other, they refer to a quite informal information and knowledge environment. The production and organization of knowledge is affected by technological developments, i.e. digitalisation, commercialisation and convergence of media. All of a sudden, a particular knowledge type of the information age – ‘instant knowledge’ – can be identified. This new knowledge type can roughly be described as ‘first–sight–knowledge,’ which is universally comprehended, easily and instantly understood and entertaining. In the following article this new ‘instant’ knowledge type will be defined in its relation to other types of knowledge.
- MiscellanyMedia, Knowledge & Education. Exploring new Spaces, Relations and Dynamics in Digital Media EcologiesHug, Theo (2008)In recent years, new and established media have penetrated, challenged, and often surpassed in significance traditional institutions of socialization and education. Moreover, the social organization of knowledge production and distribution has become highly mediated through increasingly complex combinations of information and communication technologies. The papers in this volume are exploring intersections and dynamics of spheres of media, knowledge and education.
- Book partResponding to the Challenges of Religious Storying in a Digital Age: Building New Opportunities through www.Feautor.orgHess, Mary E. (2008)Religious storying – the process of creating and forming religious identity within and through a religious community’s stories – is dramatically affected by the rise and ubiquity of digital storying processes present within wider cultural contexts, particularly those impacted by what has been termed “mass media”. Most specifically, processes of authority (authorizing), production of authenticity, and structure of agency are shifted; in some cases flattened, in others narrowed or constricted. A specific website created to provide a vehicle for publishing and reviewing “open sourced” religious resources is explored as one mechanism of response to this shift in cultural context.
- Book partCommunities of Projects oder: Die Große Welt der kleinen ErzählungenFaßler, Manfred (2008)The longer the controversies about the power of information streams, dissipative global communication, selective processes in the invention and diffusion of instruments, techniques, technologies and media last, the more questions arise about the cultural source codes of machines and media, the evolutionary codes of cultural development or the narrative contents of all that. With the beginning of the 21st century, the return of a global and powerful world expert could be observed: the return of the story, the telling, the interpretation and cognitive experts. At the same time we face storytelling revisited and storytelling as an e-learning-tool and the recreation of narrative communication as anti-regulative global content building.
- Book partSemantic Web Services. Realisierung der SOA Vision mit semantischen TechnologienStollberg, Michael; Hepp, Martin; Fensel, Dieter (2008)Das Ziel service-orientierter Architekturen (SOA) ist das dynamische Finden und Ausführen von Web Services, um eine konkrete Nutzeranfrage zu lösen. Dazu ist die Automation des Web Service Nutzungsprozesses nötig. Dies ist mit den derzeitigen Technologien (WSDL, SOAP, UDDI) nicht möglich, da diese eine manuelle Inspektion existenter Web Services hinsichtlich ihrer Benutzbarkeit erfordern. In diesem Artikel stellen wir das Konzept von Semantic Web Services sowie den derzeitigen Stand der Forschung vor, welche inferenz-basierte Technologien zum automatischen Finden, Komponieren, und Ausführen von Web Services bereitstellen.
- Book partEditor’s PrefaceGächter, Yvonne; Ortner, Heike; Schwarz, Claudia; Wiesinger, Andreas (2008)
- Book partVon Dichtung und Wahrheit zum Kyberrealismus. Zu Alban Nikolai Herbsts „Poetologie des literarischen Bloggens“Giacomuzzi, Renate (2008)Alban Nikolai Herbst’s literary blog Die Dschungel. Anderswelt differs from other blogs insofar as his experimental intention is to use the Internet not only as a publication platform but also to expose himself to the “dynamics of the net”. The author scrutinizes the relation between fiction and reality in the context of the technological conditions within which literary writing in the Internet occurs. “Cyberrealism”, a term developed by Herbst, refers to cybernetic models of thought, in which the technological development dissolves the interface between man and technology. In “Cyberrealism” the author turns into a “Cyborg”, a being which is located at the interface between man and medium, thus dissolving the antipodes between reality and fiction and between the private and the public. In this way he creates a new reality, or, in keeping with the term “Cyberrealism”: Cyberreality.
- Book partMobile phones in school. Selected m-learning projects from Great Britain and the German speaking countriesSeipold, Judith (2008)Mobile learning is not a big issue in Germany, Austria and Switzerland yet, but started to get recognised by educational research and school. In Great Britain, on the other hand, research on m-learning and projects with mobile devices in schools is a topic of interest since some years now. Having a look at the use of mobile devices in schools and their integration in the curriculum, again, there are striking differences between Great Britain and Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In this text, a short country-comparison is followed by a theoretical model to make the connection between “everyday media literacy” (Alltagsmedienkompetenz) of pupils and its integration in school. With the help of an example for m-learning from Switzerland, the relevance of the integration of everyday media literacy in the curriculum, as well as the pedagogical underpinning of self produced m-learning material is pointed out.